Silicon dioxide-based Janus nanoparticles (SiO₂-JNPs) have garnered significant attention in the field of petroleum extraction owing to their high chemical stability, tunable surface functionality, and environmental compatibility. A systematic review was conducted on various synthesis strategies of SiO₂-JNPs (such as template method, interface modification method, sol-gel method, etc.). The advantages and disadvantages of each synthesis strategy were analyzed in detail. The applicable scenarios of these synthesis strategies were further explored. The unique mechanisms of these strategies in reducing oil-water interfacial tension, regulating rock wettability, stabilizing emulsions, and changing desorption energy were deeply discussed from the perspective of microscopic oil displacement mechanisms. Issues such as large-scale production and tolerance to high temperature and high salt were also analyzed. Finally, prospective applications in smart responsive oil displacement and integrated multifunctional systems were discussed.