With the rapid development of artificial intelligence and Internet of Things technologies, intelligent pavement, as an important innovation direction in the field of transportation infrastructure, has gradually become a research hotspot. A review was conducted focusing on the key technologies of intelligent pavement, covering key areas including intelligent sensing technology, data transmission technology, data processing and analysis technology, and energy self-sufficiency technology. The principles, applications, and limitations of various sensors and non-destructive testing technologies in sensing technology were elaborated on. The research status and existing problems of wired and wireless transmission technologies in data transmission technology were summarized. The applications and challenges of data processing and analysis technology in slope monitoring, pavement disease detection, and other aspects were discussed. The characteristics and optimization directions of solar energy, piezoelectric power supply, and energy storage technologies in energy self-sufficiency technology were analyzed. Through a comprehensive sorting of these key technologies, the current challenges faced by intelligent pavement technology were revealed, such as issues related to sensor durability, data fusion, communication standards, and energy efficiency. Meanwhile, the future development trends of intelligent pavement technology were prospected, including the deepening of interdisciplinary integration, the further improvement of intelligence level, and the in-depth integration with intelligent transportation systems. The research aims to clarify the development status in the field of intelligent pavement, analyze the future development direction of intelligent pavement technology, and provide support for the development of transportation infrastructure towards intelligence and sustainability.