Underwater wired communication is regarded as a critical infrastructure for marine information transmission, and its technical forms and application scenarios have become increasingly diversified. Three major underwater wired communication approaches (power cable communication, optical fiber communication, and opto-electronic composite cable communication) were systematically reviewed, with emphasis placed on their key technological advances and development trends. First, for underwater power cables, the engineering challenges and improvement directions related to structural design under deep-sea high-pressure environments, signal attenuation modeling and compensation, and insulation aging mechanisms were analyzed. Subsequently, recent breakthroughs in underwater optical fiber communication were discussed, including low-loss optical fiber materials, space-division multiplexing, optical amplification, and modulation and coding techniques, highlighting its dominant role and unique advantages in ultra-high-capacity and ultra-long-distance transmission. Furthermore, research progress on opto-electronic composite cables was reviewed, focusing on structural optimization, coordinated opto-electronic transmission, and the integration of intelligent sensing capabilities. The results indicate that underwater wired communication is evolving from single-function transmission toward multimodal integration and intelligent systems, thereby providing essential support for the construction of next-generation deep-sea information networks with high reliability and low energy consumption.