With the continuous expansion of the bridge construction scale and the increasing complexity of the structural form and construction process, the risk factors encountered during the construction process are becoming increasingly diverse and exhibit strong fuzzy and random characteristics. To effectively address the uncertainty in risk assessment, a comprehensive assessment method for bridge construction risk was proposed by integrating game theory and the two-dimensional cloud model. Risk factors were first identified by fishbone diagram analysis. An indicator system consisting of 5 primary indicators and 15 secondary indicators was constructed. Then, Hierarchical analysis and entropy weighting were used to determine the subjective and objective weights. Game theory was used to optimize the combination of subjective and objective weights. Later, the risk assessment model was constructed based on the two-dimensional cloud theory. The risk level was determined by calculating the proximity degree. Finally, the Anren Hub Bridge project was taken as an example for empirical analysis. The assessment results indicate that the construction risk level is “large risk”, in which the construction organization and human factors are the key risk factors. This method proposed can effectively deal with the uncertainty problem in risk assessment and provide scientific basis for bridge construction safety management.