Deep roadway surrounding rock under high vertical stress and strong tectonic stress tends to approach an ultimate stress state and is highly susceptible to rockburst under dynamic disturbances. Time-varying microseismic characteristics before and after multiple rockburst events in a deep coal roadway were analyzed. The fractal features of microseismic signals under dynamic loading and the evolution of different energy components during impact failure of coal-rock were investigated through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation, and an energy-based criterion for impact failure of deep roadway surrounding rock was established. The results indicated that, in the absence of rockburst hazard, the daily cumulative microseismic energy remained stable at the order of 10³ J. Under low rockburst risk, the daily cumulative energy rose to the order of 10⁴ J. Under moderate risk, it reached the order of 10⁵ J. Under strong risk, the daily cumulative energy attained the order of 10⁵ J on multiple occasions. Prior to rockburst occurrence, the fractal dimension continuously decreased.For hazard grading, when the fractal dimension of microseismic events fell below the warning threshold of 0.58, heightened attention was required and the hazard level should be upgraded by one grade. During the early stage of dynamic disturbance, the plastic zone in the roadway roof expanded rapidly.During the middle and late stages, the plastic zone gradually propagated toward the floor, and floor heave was aggravated under the condition of a coal floor left in place. Expansion of the plastic zone consumed the stored strain energy in the coal-rock mass; once dynamic failure occurred, the stored volumetric strain energy was fully converted into kinetic energy, thereby triggering roadway rockburst. In addition, the optimal inclination angle for constructing large-diameter boreholes in the floor of a panel roadway was derived theoretically. The findings can provide theoretical guidance and engineering reference for actively regulating the rockburst-prone environment, mitigating hazards, and preventing rockburst in Gaojiabao Coal Mine and other roadways under similar geological conditions.