Under crosswind conditions, abrupt changes in aerodynamic loads during the meeting of high-speed trains are prone to cause car body impacts and potential operational safety hazards. A three-dimensional coupling model of wind-train-embankment wind barrier was established for a 450 km/h high-speed train, and the influence law of the wind barrier position on the aerodynamic performance of the meeting train was studied. The results show that when there is no wind barrier, the amplitude of the positive windward head wave increases significantly, and the aerodynamic force fluctuates violently; train meeting inside the wind barrier can effectively suppress the fluctuation of aerodynamic force, with the lateral force of each carriage reduced by 38.4%, and the wheel-rail vertical force and derailment coefficient decreased by 38.4% and 16.7% respectively. However, train meeting at the end of the wind barrier leads to an increase in vortices on the leeward side, resulting in a turbulent flow field and a 26.2% increase in derailment risk. Through Q-criterion vorticity analysis, it was found that during train meeting inside the wind barrier, the high-pressure area of the leading car spreads, the negative-pressure area at the tail decreases, and the airflow disturbance is significantly reduced. In contrast, train meeting at the end leads to intensified airflow separation, which triggers the accumulation of high-energy vortices. Simulation verification indicates that the optimization of wind barrier positions can effectively reduce aerodynamic loads and improve the operational safety and stability of trains. The research results provide a theoretical basis for the design and operation management of wind barriers in high-speed railways.