The rapid global adoption of prefabricated buildings introduces complexities and uncertainties in their supply chains, necessitating enhanced resilience to maintain competitiveness and stability. A systematic investigation was conducted on the influencing factors of prefabricated building supply chain resilience (PBSCR). A network model of influencing factors was constructed, and key factors affecting supply chain resilience were identified and quantified. It was demonstrated that the supply chain exhibits both small-world and scale-free characteristics. Nodes such as design changes, supply chain efficiency, and information sharing were revealed to play significant hub roles within the network. Quantitative and actionable pathways for improving supply chain resilience were provided. Five immune strategies were proposed and compared, and their effectiveness in suppressing the spread of influencing factors and network efficiency was evaluated through dynamic simulation. The degree centrality-based immunization strategy is found to most effectively reduce network efficiency, thereby controlling the occurrence and propagation of influencing factors. The findings provide new insights and practical strategies for managing prefabricated building supply chains, with implications for enhancing resilience in other industrial supply systems.