Gravity caisson wharves are widely utilized as a common structural type in harbour engineering, whose stability is a paramount factor for the safety and operational efficiency of port facilities. In the marine environment, wharf structures are subjected to considerable wave-induced dynamic loads, constituting a key challenge to their stability and safety. A dynamic response analysis model of a gravity caisson wharf subjected to wave action was established using the numerical simulation software FssiCAS. Through numerical simulations, the dynamic response characteristics of the wharf structure under various wave loads were investigated, including displacement and stress. The computed results demonstrate that distinct periodic variations are observed in the displacement response of the gravity caisson wharf under wave loads, and the displacement amplitude is found to increase significantly with wave height and period. In terms of stress distribution, stress redistribution is observed in the backfill soil adjacent to the caisson, while notable stress concentration is identified in the foundation soil beneath it. This study offers valuable insights and references regarding the dynamic response analysis of similar harbour engineering structures.