The coal seam mining in the Shendong mining area has significantly impacted the local ecosystem，particularly the ecological growth of vegetation. To analyze the response mechanism of vegetation ecology to groundwater hydrological variations and climate change in the study area，the Shendong mining area was selected as the research subject. Methods such as vegetation index surveys，the membership function method，and principal component analysis were employed. The results indicate that plant species in each mining area are relatively abundant，with trees，shrubs，and herbaceous plants all present. Gramineae，Leguminosae，Asteraceae，and Chenopodiaceae species are more widely distributed. The overall stability of plant communities in the Shendong mining area is at a moderately favorable level. Dominant plant species exhibit good adaptability to the mining area’s ecological environment，with Caragana korshinskii，Artemisia，and Cleistogenes squarrosa being the most well-adapted. Precipitation，drought index，and groundwater level collectively influence surface vegetation ecological indicators，with precipitation and drought index exerting a greater impact on the ecological environment than groundwater level. The primary controlling factors affecting the ecological environment quality of the mining area are precipitation，drought index，and groundwater level. The groundwater level in Shigetai coal mine and Halagou coal mine fluctuates dramatically and is difficult to restore. Furthermore，the factors influencing vegetation water consumption are not limited to climate change；groundwater also plays a crucial role.