A numerical analysis of seabed seismic waves from the underwater spherical acoustic source in the Arctic ice-covered region was conducted based on finite element theory. A coupled acoustic-solid model was established and validated using the normal mode method. The effects of factors including different types of sound speed profiles, ice layer thickness, source depth, and seabed slope angles on the propagation characteristics of seismic waves were studied. The results indicated that the acoustic energy is absorbed by the seabed together with long-distance propagation limited as the sound speed in the surface water is higher than that in the seabed. However, the energy is transmitted to the sea surface, which is suitable for long-distance propagation, when the speed of sound in the sea surface is lower than that in the seabed. In addition, the absorption to sound waves is significantly improved and the intensity of underwater vibrations is reduced due to the increase in ice thickness. As the source approaches the ice layer, the absorption and reflection of the ice layer are enhanced. The dissipation effect of the seawater is increased corresponding to the increased depth of sound source, and the energy is absorbed increasingly as the source approaches the seabed. Besides that, the energy that is transmitted by sound waves to the upslope seabed is promoted corresponding to the increased inclination angle, which leads to a greater vibration in the seabed.