TBM (tunnel boring machines) often encounter risks such as collapses and jamming, primarily due to inadequate anchor bolt support during construction in adverse geological conditions. In actual construction scenarios, anchor bolts frequently exhibit varying installation angles, which increases the uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of the support. Consequently, The TBM tunnel in the Zhangji Mine of Huainan was taken as the research background. Numerical simulations were conducted on bolt inclination angles, and the results were verified through comparison with field measurement data. The influence law of bolt installation angles on surrounding rock deformation was analyzed under different surrounding rock conditions. The results show as follows. The numerical simulations align closely with the monitoring data. An increase in the anchor bolt installation angle affects the convergence displacement of the crown and side arch by 25.59% and 18.7%, respectively, while the increase in the plastic zone gradually diminishes. When the surrounding rock strength is lower, the control effect of anchor bolt support on deformation becomes more significant. It is clarified that the dilatancy angle is a crucial factor influencing the deformation of surrounding rock; the larger the dilatancy angle, the more pronounced the effect of anchor bolt support. These research results provide theoretical support for optimizing anchor bolt support design in TBM construction tunnels.