Modern prostheses play an important role in functional compensation for hand-disabled individuals, among which surface electromyography (sEMG) prostheses have demonstrated significant application potential and development prospects. Focusing on the functions of sEMG prostheses, recent research hotspots, innovative breakthroughs in key technologies, the recognition of hand movement intentions and the decision-making mechanism of prosthetic hand control was deeply explored. Through a systematic review of the advantages and disadvantages of existing achievements, it is discussed that multi-dimensional development and application should be achieved through algorithm lightweight and adaptability, multi-modal deep perception fusion, system integration and evaluation. At the technical development level, progress will be promoted by interdisciplinary collaborative innovation and clinical needs-oriented technology iteration. However, severe challenges still remain in bridging the gap between laboratory research and practical prosthetic application in the future.