The movement of overburden and the spatial-temporal evolution characteristics of mining-induced fractures in extra-thick coal seams are considered essential prerequisites for analyzing the impact of mining on overlying aquifers and ensuring the safe operation of mines. The analysis of overburden collapse and displacement characteristics during mining in the 4-2 extra-thick coal seam at Jianzhuang coal mine was conducted through the construction of a physical similarity model based on actual geological conditions. A method for the quantitative analysis of overburden fracture density was proposed, and the spatial-temporal evolution characteristics of mining-induced fractures in extra-thick coal seams were investigated. The results show that under extra-thick coal seam mining conditions, the overburden periodic compression step distance is observed to be relatively small, and the maximum fracture-to-mining ratio is determined to exceed 30. Under these circumstances, traditional formulas for calculating the height of the water-conducting fracture zone are considered not entirely applicable, and the height is generally underestimated by the calculation results. The collapse and fracture distribution features are effectively reflected by the vertical displacement contour maps of the overburden. A "trapezoidal" distribution is observed on the outer side of the overburden displacement in the water-conducting fracture zone, while an "arch" distribution is exhibited on the inner side. The spatial-temporal evolution of fractures is intuitively reflected by changes in overburden fracture density. The high fracture density zone in the overlying strata is generally distributed in a trapezoidal shape with different advancing distances. The peak fracture density is reached during the initial rupture of the roof. The maximum fracture density in the overlying strata decreases exponentially as the advancing distance increases. High fracture density is mainly distributed above the open-off cut and the stopping line after the working face is finished. Lateral fracture zones are formed in these areas. A lower fracture density is generally observed in the overlying strata of the goaf center. This reflects that effective compaction and closure of the overlying strata is achieved in this region.