In order to analyze the impact of the built environment on travel choice behavior in public transportation at different levels. On the basis of the theory of planned behavior and the theory of group dynamics, the research hypotheses of the existence of subjective factors at the individual psychological and group levels were proposed, and the multilevel structural equation model considering the built environment was established by consideration of the structural characteristics of the nested data, aggregating multiple measurement variables to shape a high level of constructs in the form of latent aggregation, while analyzing the impacts of the built environment on the residents' public transportation travel choice behaviors from multiple levels. The model parameters were calibrated with Mplus software using Liuzhou City residents' travel survey data. The results show that both the multilevel and single level models considering the built environment pass the fit test and the fit index of the multilevel model better than the singlelevel model, there are differences in the effects of the variables on the intention to travel at different levels. The impact of variables on behavioral intentions at the individual level has the following effects in descending order: built environment (0.775), behavioral attitudes (0.704), perceived behavioral control (0.562), and subjective norms (0.447). The impact of variables on behavioral intentions at the group level has the following effects in descending order: behavioral attitudes (0.733), built environment (0.657). This shows that the multilevel structural equation model constructed has sound measurement and fitting ability, explains the group heterogeneity that exists in the impact of the built environment on public transport travel choice behavior, overcomes the limitations of the single level model, and provides theoretical support for optimizing the travel structure of residents and promoting the sustainable development of urban transport.