The deepwater submarine fans are crucial targets for the exploration of deepwater oil and gas. The deepwater submarine fans of the Upper Ordovician Queerqueke Formation in the southeastern Tarim Basin exhibits favorable conditions for oil and gas accumulation. Defining the characteristics of the deepwater submarine fans and evaluating their exploration potential is the key to the subsequent oil and gas exploration in this region. Based on drilling/logging and seismic data, sequence sedimentary division was carried out to clarify the distribution patterns of deep-water submarine fan reservoirs and source rocks. The oil and gas exploration potential of submarine fans was identified and favorable exploration areas were selected, providing technical support for the next oil and gas exploration deployment. The results indicate that the Queerqueke Formation in the southeastern Tarim Basin is divided into five third-order sequences (SQ1~SQ5), with local erosion occurring in the SQ4 and SQ5 sequences. The sedimentary system of the submarine fan can be classified into categorized into braided gravity flow channels and turbidite channels in the middle fan, turbidite channels and sheet-like turbidites in the outer fan, as well as deep-sea mud sedimentary microfacies. Among them, the sand bodies in the middle fan channels are thick and have a high sand-to-sediment ratio, mainly developing in sequences SQ1~SQ3. The sand bodies in the outer fan channels are of relatively large development scale but are unstable in lateral distribution. The study area has excellent conditions for source-reservoir-cap rock assemblages. On the basis of the development of high-quality source rocks in the Cambrian and Middle-Lower Ordovician, the deep-sea mud on the submarine plain can form good source rocks and can also serve as a local cap rock. The sand bodies in the middle fan and outer fan channels of the submarine fan are distributed close to the source rocks, and they have the advantage of near-source accumulation under appropriate trap conditions, correspondingly forming lithologic traps of the submarine fan or fault-lithologic composite traps.