The urban agglomeration around Poyang Lake is an important ecological function area and economic development area in central China, and its eco-environment quality is related to the stability and sustainability of the regional ecosystem. To objectively evaluate the spatio-temporal changes and influencing factors of the eco-environment quality in the region, and achieve regional economic and ecological balance. By selecting 5 Landsat remote sensing images from 2003 to 2022, principal component analysis was used to construct a remote sensing ecological index, and combined with Sen + Mann-Kendall test, spatial autocorrelation, and geodetector methods to study the spatio-temporal changes and driving factors of eco-environment quality in the region. The results show that there is no significant improvement trend in the eco-environment quality of the urban agglomeration around Poyang Lake from 2003 to 2022. The spatial distribution is positively correlated, with high-high clusters in the northwest and northeast regions, and low-low clusters in the central region. The land use is a key factor affecting the changes in eco-environment quality of the urban agglomeration around Poyang Lake, and its spatial distribution is highly correlated with areas with poor eco-environment quality levels in the study area. In addition, the explanatory power of nighttime light factor on eco-environment quality shows a gradual upward trend, indicating that the change of ecological environment quality is inseparable from the development of urbanization. The interaction detection results show enhancement, and the interaction effect between land use type and annual average temperature is significantly enhanced. It can be seen that the research results have important practical guiding significance for guiding the urban agglomeration around Poyang Lake to scientifically and rationally coordinate the relationship between economic development and ecological protection in the process of urbanization and achieve sustainable development.