Long-term stability control of surrounding rock of large-section chamber is an important guarantee for safe and efficient mining of deep coal resources. According to the occurrence characteristics, damage law and stress distribution characteristics of surrounding rock in deep large-section chamber, the mechanical models of the variable section beam of roof, the columnar of side surrounding rock and the overhanging beam of floor were established. The deflection equations of surrounding rock were derived. The response characteristics of surrounding rock deformation and failure with the change of different factors were discussed. The damage evolution laws and failure modes of surrounding rock were studied by similar simulation tests. And the stability control methods of surrounding rock in deep large-section chamber were finally proposed. The results show that the key factors affecting the stability of surrounding rock in deep large-section chamber are the mining depth, the strength and stiffness of the surrounding rock, the shape and size of the chamber section, and the stress distribution state. The deformation and failure characteristics of side surrounding rock under the conditions of different heterogeneous rock strata are significantly different. The effect of improving the support strength of free surface on controlling the deformation and failure of surrounding rock in deep large-section chamber is limited. Non-equal-strength support for the surrounding rock of deep large-section chamber is applied based on deflection distribution characteristics, that is, the strength and stiffness of rock mass in the peak area of deflection are improved by increasing the length of rockbolts, reducing the spacing and row spacing of rockbolts (cables) and grouting reinforcement. It can make the surrounding rock in a stress equilibrium state, and finally achieve uniform and coordinated deformation of the surrounding rock.