As China becomes one of the world's largest coal producers, coal gangue, a waste product during coal mining, has been accumulated in large quantities, posing a serious environmental threat. The nonlinear constitutive characteristics of coal gangue aggregates under high-frequency loading were investigated through dynamic triaxial tests. Coal gangue samples from various sources, along with fine sand as a comparative material, were collected and subjected to comprehensive mechanical property tests, including resilient modulus measurement and model analysis. It is found that the resilient modulus of coal gangue under cyclic dynamic loading is significantly influenced by confining stress and octahedral shear stress, exhibiting evident nonlinear behavior. By comparing the MEPDG(mechanistic-empirical pavement design guide), Uzan, and k-θ predictive models, it was determined that the Uzan model demonstrated better applicability and predictive accuracy under the conditions of this study. The findings are expected to provide scientific support for the engineering application of coal gangue, contribute to the promotion of its use in environmentally sustainable engineering, reduce environmental pollution, and lower construction costs.