The concrete pavement layer is recognized as a core functional structure in road and bridge engineering, characterized by bridge deck protection, driving surface flatness control, and skid resistance maintenance. However, with the extension of infrastructure service life, the removal of concrete pavement layers has become both a technical challenge and a research focus in bridge and road rehabilitation projects. A systematic review of domestic and international research achievements in concrete pavement layer crushing technologies was conducted. Based on different crushing mechanisms, the existing crushing technologies were scientifically classified and summarized. Various crushing processes and their influencing factors were deeply explained, and the engineering applicability and technical limitations of various technologies were revealed through multi-dimensional parametric analysis. Considering the application of high-performance composite materials in the pavement layer and the continuous improvement of the intelligence level in the transportation field, the new development trends of pavement layer crushing technology were discussed. Finally, combined with the new concrete-assisted crushing technology, a multi-mechanism collaborative crushing technology system was innovatively proposed, providing theoretical support and engineering practice reference for the continuous development of modern bridge deck pavement layer crushing technology.