The electromagnetic induction method possesses several key advantages, including cost-effectiveness, ease of implementation, and non-contact operation. These attributes render it particularly well-suited for non-destructive testing of carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP). A unidirectional model of CFRP with predefined cracks was developed to investigate the magnetic flux density and eddy current distribution. Based on the characteristics of CFRP, an anisotropic model was established to address the solution. The defect detection capability of electromagnetic induction method for single-layer anisotropic CFRP materials was evaluated through a comprehensive analysis. Magnetic flux density, eddy current distribution, and coil-induced voltage were systematically characterized to quantify material responses in the measured region. The results show that the method can effectively distinguish cracks from non-destructive CFRP based on induced voltage. This method is capable of identifying the location and depth trends of cracks, thereby providing a solid experimental foundation for accurately detecting and locating hidden defects in CFRP.