Vibrations generated by the nose landing gear during ground towing operations using a four-wheel-drive towbarless tug have significant impacts on structural lifespan, passenger comfort, and safety. This study proposes a multi-factor coupling analysis method for the first time to address the vibration problem of the nose landing gear under such conditions. A three-dimensional model of the aircraft-towbarless tug system was constructed using SolidWorks, and dynamic simulations were performed in Adams. An 8-degree-of-freedom vibration differential equation was established based on the Lagrangian method. Three types of pavement models (potholes, bumps, and sloped platforms) were developed according to actual airport pavement conditions in China. The controlled variable approach was employed to systematically investigate the combined effects of aircraft load, towing speed, and pavement conditions on nose landing gear vibrations. The results indicate that the vertical vibration acceleration and displacement amplitudes of the nose landing gear under no-load conditions reach 8.76 m/s² and 1.42 mm, representing increases of 86.4% and 82.1% compared to full-load conditions (acceleration: 4.68 m/s², displacement: 0.78 mm). Bump pavement exhibits the most severe vibration impact (acceleration: 31.93 m/s², displacement: 34.69 mm), significantly exceeding the effects of potholes and sloped platforms. When the towing speed increases from 1 100 mm/s to 1 500 mm/s, vertical acceleration and displacement rise by 86.4% and 29.4%, respectively. This study provides theoretical references for the optimized design of aircraft nose landing gear structures, the formulation of airport towing operation protocols, and the improvement of pavement maintenance standards in China. It also fills a research gap in multi-factor coupled vibration analysis.