Ceramic fiber reinforced SiO₂ aerogel composites have been extensively used in the aerospace field due to exceptional thermal insulation properties and low density. It is significant to investigate the influence of microstructure on deformation behavior. Based on the meso-mechanical analysis method, a representative volume element model with adjustable fiber characteristic parameters was constructed, and a coupled damage constitutive model describing nonlinear deformation behavior was developed. Mechanical modeling and numerical simulation of out-of-plane compression properties were conducted with ABAQUS finite element software. The effects of different fiber characteristic parameters on mechanical properties and damage evolution were discussed. The results show that the model can effectively simulate the compression and springback deformation behavior of aerogel composites. With the increase of fiber volume fraction, the fiber reinforcing effect is significantly improved, the fiber damage increases, and the matrix damage remains stable. Moreover, fiber curvature variations do not significantly affect the out-of-plane compression properties. They lead to decreasing fiber damage and increasing matrix damage. Furthermore, an increase in fiber pitch angle improves out-of-plane compression properties but results in substantial rise of fiber damage with slight reduction of matrix damage.