Assessment of the electric field impact of overhead lines on residential areas will help to better understand the potential health impact of electric fields on residents and provide a basis for formulating reasonable protection policies. Firstly, the physical model of overhead transmission line was constructed and the electric field was calculated. Subsequently, the field electric field measurement of 500 kV transmission line in Jiaozuo City, Henan Province was carried out to verify the consistency between the theoretical calculation model and the actual measured results. Secondly, the corresponding simulation model was constructed by COMSOL Multiphysics software, and the electric field environment of the transmission line was simulated and predicted. Based on the above research, the influence of various factors such as buildings and trees on the electric field strength of high-voltage transmission lines was simulated. Finally, a human body model was established for simulation analysis to evaluate the potential impact of the electric field environment on the human body. The evaluation results show that the environmental electric field is less than the national standard limit, and the electric field will not pose a threat to the human body.