The spatial variation characteristics of soil fertility in potato growing area were clarified to provide theoretical basis for soil precise fertilization and fertilizer management in the study area. Taking Keshan Farm in Heilongjiang Province as the study area, 100 sample points were selected in the potato growing area, and soil pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium were selected as the indicators to evaluate soil fertility. Geostatistics and geographic information system (GIS) were combined to analyze the spatial variation characteristics of soil nutrients, and soil comprehensive evaluation method was used to evaluate soil fertility in the study area. Results show that the soil is weakly acidic and the pH variation coefficient is small. The contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium are at medium and high levels, belonging to moderate intensity variation. Soil pH is a moderate spatial autocorrelation, and the spatial autocorrelation of organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium is weak. The spatial accumulation of organic matter and total nitrogen is significant. The spatial variation of soil nutrients in the study area is obvious, showing an east-west direction, and the content of soil nutrients in the middle of the study area is relatively low. The soil fertility in the study area is above the medium level, and the area with good fertility accounts for 72% of the total area. The soil fertility of Keshan farm is good, which can meet the needs of potato growth. Human factors are the main factors affecting soil nutrient content.