The structure and materials used in bridge deck pavement layers significantly impact their road performance. To design a pavement layer more suitable for cold regions, the layered modification of pavement materials was optimized based on the principle of layer function design. Firstly, materials for the surface functional layer and overall functional layer were selected using the layer function division, with lignocellulose and polyester fibers as modifiers, respectively. Secondly, the appropriate content of polyester fibers was determined through road performance tests. Finally, the choice of layered materials and appropriate modification methods were established. The results indicate that both the surface functional layer and the overall functional layer should use the same high-viscosity, high-elasticity modified asphalt, with lignocellulose and polyester fibers as modifiers, respectively. This approach avoids differences in thermal contraction coefficients of the layered materials, ensuring coordinated thermal deformation between the pavement layer and the bridge structure, thereby effectively improving the road performance of the asphalt bridge deck pavement. Furthermore, under engineering economic requirements, when the polyester fiber content is 1% of the total mixture mass, the prepared asphalt mixture's high-temperature performance increases by 7%, low-temperature performance by 23%, and water stability by 5%.