In order to ensure the regular and punctual operation of civil aviation transportation, the efficient aviation spare parts supply is the fundamental basis. However, the stochastic replenishment lead time and demand aggregates the uncertainty of spare parts supply. An original equipment manufacturer-orientated aviation industry supply chain location-inventory problem under an uncertain environment was investigated. A two-stage stochastic optimization model, including facility location, inventory control, production decisions, etc., was constructed to maximize the supply chain's profit. A novel robust optimization approach was proposed for a resilient supply chain network design under an uncertain environment. The results show that original equipment manufacturer facilities are more likely to establish double-sourcing and multiple-sourcing strategies with the upstream tier suppliers as the supply lead time and demand uncertainty increase and the on-hand inventory and average ordering quantity of tier suppliers increase accordingly. In addition, high uncertainty in spare parts supply and demand leads to declining profits in the aviation industry supply chain, which can be relieved by robust and resilient supply chain design and efficient inventory control. It is concluded that the optimal strategic and tactical decisions of the aviation industry supply chain in the context of supply and demand uncertainty provide an effective solution for the robust and efficient operations of the global aviation industry supply chain.