The laminectomy robot is an auxiliary surgical robot developed for laminectomy in recent years. In order to explore the differences in reducing orthopedic surgeons' mental workload between laminectomy robot techniques and traditional laminectomy methods, a multimodal evaluation incorporating an electrocardiogram, eye tracking, and the NASA-TLX scale was utilized to assess the mental workload of orthopedic surgeons undergoing both surgical procedures. Through simulated surgical trials, 12 orthopedic surgeons performed laminectomies employing both the robot-assisted and the conventional techniques, collecting multimodal data for both variance and correlation analyses. The findings indicate significant differences in subjective mental workload between the laminectomy robot and traditional techniques (P <0.05). However, in terms of electrocardiogram indicators such as average heart rate, the low frequency/high frequency ratio (LF/HF), and the standard deviation of NN intervals (SDNN), no significant differences are noted. Significant differences are observed in eye movement indicators, including pupil diameter (P <0.05), fixation rate (P <0.05), and saccade rate (P <0.01). Further correlation analysis underscored a notably significant relationship between pupil diameter and levels of subjective mental workload in both surgery techniques. In conclusion, compared to traditional laminectomy methods, the use of laminectomy robots can alleviate the mental workload on orthopedic surgeons, with both pupil diameter and subjective mental workload levels providing effective reflections of the orthopedic surgeons' mental workload.