The mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites are significantly impacted by residual stresses, which can even induce material cracking. Consequently, the accurate measurement of interlayer non-uniform residual stresses in CFRP laminates is of paramount importance for improving their manufacturing processes. The incremental hole-drilling method was employed to measure the interlayer non-uniform residual stresses in CFRP laminates. Finite element simulation was used to calculate the standard coefficient matrix between the released residual stresses and strains released in each layer. Coefficient matrix in conjunction with the measured strains was utilized to compute the residual stresses within each layer of the CFRP. The results indicate that the CFRP laminates exhibit an overall stress distribution characterized by compressive stresses externally and tensile stresses internally along the thickness direction. Furthermore, the measurement variance of residual stresses increases with the increase in drilling depth, and the interlayer residual stress values and their non-uniformity are higher in the layers closer to the center of the plate.