As an important aluminum industrial base in China, the bauxite concentration area in central Guizhou Province is hosted within the Lower Carboniferous Jiujialu Formation, and the deposit type belongs to the sedimentary bauxite. The Caijiaba bauxite deposit is a newly discovered bauxite deposit during the fine investigation of bauxite in central Guizhou Province in recent years. The paleoclimatic conditions, sedimentary environment and metallogenic provenance related to this bauxite deposit in the metallogenic process were studied. The results show that the upper bauxitic claystone of the Al-bearing rock series is mainly pelitomorphic texture and is mainly composed of kaolinite and illite. The middle bauxite ore is mainly clastic and cryptocrystalline textures, followed by a small number of ooidal texture, which is mainly composed of diaspore and illite. The lower ferruginous rock is mainly cryptocrystalline texture and is mainly composed of hematite. The Al-bearing rock series of the Caijiaba bauxite deposit is mainly formed in the continental environment, and the upper bauxitic claystone and middle bauxite ore layers are mainly formed in a relatively oxidized environment, while the lower ferruginous rock layer mainly shows a relatively reduced environment. Meanwhile, the lower ferruginous rock and middle bauxite ore layers are mainly formed in hot and humid paleoclimatic conditions, while the upper bauxitic claystone layer is the product of warm and humid climatic conditions. Research on the sources of ore-forming materials indicates that the Al-bearing rock series of the Caijiaba bauxite deposit is mainly derived from the dolomite and interbedded gray-green claystone of the Lower Cambrian Qingxudong Formation. The results are of great significance in guiding the exploration and prospecting of bauxite deposits in this area.