In response to the issues of parameter homogenization and insufficient rationality in the support design of the mining roadway in the Lingtai mining area, it is highly significant to conduct classification research on the mining roadway and propose differentiated support strategies. Firstly, based on a systematic analysis of the geological conditions of the surrounding rock and the matching relationship with the support system in the mining roadway of the Lingtai mining area, six classification indicators were determined. Secondly, a mining roadway classification method based on mixed data clustering was proposed, extracting the informational characteristics of numerical and categorical indicators and introducing a penalty competition mechanism to dynamically optimize the number of clusters during the classification process. Subsequently, the proposed method was applied to classify 37 segments of the Lingtai mining area's mining roadways into four categories, validating the feasibility of the method. Finally, a field test was conducted in the D segment of the 2502 transport roadway in Shaozhai Coal Mine. The results indicate that the maximum convergence of the roof and floor of the test roadway segment is 109 mm, and the maximum convergence of the two sides is 113 mm, with a small range of surrounding rock damage. The dynamic classification and differentiated support method for mining roadways can achieve stable control of the surrounding rock in the roadways.