To investigate the deformation characteristics of tunnels under impact and blast loads, A combination of model testing and numerical simulation was proposed to analyze the damage behavior and patterns under various dynamic loading conditions. The Hailuogou Tunnel was studied, and a combination of model testing and numerical simulation was utilized. Initially, an impact test was performed on the scaled-down physical tunnel model. Subsequently, numerical analysis of the tunnel model was conducted and verified. Then, a comparison was made between the tunnel deformation results of the scaled model and the prototype model under impact load. Finally, the effect of blasting load on the deformation of the prototype tunnel was analyzed. The results indicated that the proposed method accurately reflected the actual impact load's effect on tunnel deformation. Additionally, the numerical analysis results of the scaled tunnel model closely matched the test results. Moreover, the deformation of the top of the prototype tunnel under the impact load was approximately 10 times greater than that of the scaled tunnel model, and it aligned well with the deformation caused by a blasting load equivalent to 500 kg of TNT. The impact load effectively simulated damage to the tunnel vault. Increasing the depth of cover and reducing the impact load represented effective measures to mitigate significant tunnel damage. The challenges of on-site testing during surface blasting are surmounted by this study's findings. Additionally, a cost-effective, safe, and dependable testing approach is furnished for analyzing the destructive behaviors and modes of tunnels under various dynamic loads. Furthermore, technical support is offered for the safe and economical design of tunnels with optimized blasting loads.