In response to the problem of insufficient analysis of the risk impact on system components and inadequate classification management in civil aircraft maintenance, which leads to sudden failures during component operation, a comprehensive risk impact factor was introduced to accurately evaluate the importance and potential hazards of civil aircraft system components, and a component preventive maintenance strategy considering the comprehensive risk impact of multiple factors was established. A chance maintenance decision model for civil aircraft systems was established with the objective of optimizing the maintenance cost of components, taking into account the comprehensive risk impact of multiple factors on components. The model comprehensively considers the time correlation between system components and the cost generated by the comprehensive risk impact of multiple factors on components. Example verification shows that compared to preventive maintenance decisions that do not consider the impact of component risks, the maintenance decision proposed in this article reduces the total maintenance cost of civil aircraft systems by about 20.20%, and the reduction rate of preventive maintenance and replacement frequency is about 41.23%.