In order to explore the application of carbon fiber composite in portable weapons, the technical research on the structural properties of the launcher and the method of composite laminating was carried out. The working pressure of a certain type of launcher was obtained through experiments, and different carbon fiber composite layering models were established by using finite element numerical simulation method. Then the mechanical properties of the launcher under working load were studied. The results show that the layering method of carbon fiber has a great influence on the stiffness and damage failure of the launcher. Under the condition of the same working pressure, the same number of layers and the total thickness, the maximum deformation of the launcher structure is 2.41 mm in the layering mode Ⅰ. The maximun deformation of mode Ⅱ is 7.66 mm, and the latter is more than 3 times of the former. According to the Hashin failure criterion, there is no damage in the carbon fiber cylinder of the mode Ⅰ, except for the 6th to 12th fiber layers in the middle of the cylinder according to the mode Ⅱ, a large range of initial damage points are found in other layers. The research results can provide reference for the stucture design of the launcher and the carbon fiber composite layering scheme.