A one-dimensional wall temperature calculation program was established for a flame tube with impingement and film cooling structure with single row impact hole, and the one-dimensional wall temperature of the flame tube was calculated and analyzed. The distribution law and the highest wall temperature value of the flame tube under high temperature and high pressure were obtained through the temperature-indicating paint and thermocouple. The experimental results were compared and analyzed with the calculated results. The results show that the calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental results, and the calculation model can effectively evaluate the temperature distribution trend of the flame tube wall of the impingement and film cooling structure. It can effectively reduce the wall temperature by setting the impact hole at the end of the gas film section, so as to control the maximum wall temperature. The cooling gas volume per unit area has an important effect on the cooling efficiency. The wall temperature of the flame tube is more uniformly distributed, and the maximum wall temperature is lower than the material long-term permissible working temperature.