BCI (brain computer interface) is one of the important research methods in the fields of brain cognition, brain medicine and brain-like research, where the precise implantation of microelectrodes is a necessary prerequisite and important guarantee. With the rapid development of robotics, machine vision and artificial intelligence, surgical robots are gradually used in brain-computer interface implantation surgery. To meet the demand for precise implantation of microelectrodes in the somatosensory and cerebral motor cortex of SD(Sprague-Dawley) rats, a vision-guided precision implantation system for brain-computer interface microelectrodes was presented. Based on the method of machine vision to identify the key points of the rat skull, the coordinate system was established to obtain the point cloud information of the rat skull, to realize the high-precision identification and localization of the target points, and to guide the actuator to complete the electrode implantation operation. Through model analysis and animal experiments, it has been demonstrated that the implantation system can accurately identify surgical targets on the subjects, guide the actuator to swiftly penetrate the skull, and accurately and stably implant the electrodes into the target area, which effectively improves the accuracy of microelectrode implantation.