During the process of mining in a coal mine, the overlying rock mass above the working face undergoes deformation and transmits the deformation to the surface, leading to movement deformation. This has a significant impact on the structures above the mined-out area. In order to address the detrimental impact of surface deformation on structures, based on the engineering geological data and subsequent mining design at the Laohutai mining area, a study was conducted using numerical simulation methods. The research focused on the surface deformation and damage extent induced by multiple mining operations at the -280 m shaft mining area during different time periods. Profiles N900 and E5800, representing the maximum changes in trend and dip, were selected for further investigation into the displacement and settlement patterns. The results indicate that, with the continuous mining in the extraction area, the overlying rock mass is influenced by the free face. Moreover, the cumulative effects exacerbate the extent and severity of rock mass failure. The maximum surface settlement and surface displacement during the overlapping extraction of multiple mining areas reached-1.89 m and 0.43 m, respectively. It is evident that as mining progresses, surface movements intensify, which disrupt the initial equilibrium between structures and foundations. This disruption leads to structural deformation, and in cases of severe surface deformation, structural damage may occur.