With the deepening research on federated learning, it has been observed that the privacy protection strategies employed within federated learning fall short of fully guaranteeing the security and confidentiality of user data. Moreover, the training process in federated learning encounters challenges regarding model convergence. In response to these aforementioned issues, an innovative solution termed adaptive differential privacy (DP-AdaMod) was proposed. Primarily, the model training process was fine-tuned by incorporating an adaptive learning rate algorithm to mitigate model fluctuations and the adverse effects of overfitting. Consequently, this enhancement led to improved training efficiency and optimal performance. Secondly, the application of differential privacy techniques ensured the privacy security in federated learning through the deliberate introduction of noise into the model gradients. Additionally, accurate quantification of privacy loss was achieved by implementing the moment accountant mechanism, facilitating a balanced trade-off between privacy preservation and analytical accuracy. This meticulous approach served to fortify system security. Lastly, the efficacy of the proposed solution was ascertained through comprehensive simulation experiments. The results substantiate the superior performance of the proposed method, evident by its exceptional accuracy, efficient utilization of privacy budget, and other notable facets.