In order to enhance the efficacy and scientific rigour of civil aviation flight trainees undergoing formative training, the objective evaluation of the pilot's cognitive allocation mode and cognitive load has emerged as a pivotal assessment instrument for the comprehensive evaluation of flight performance. A multi-channel parameter acquisition method was presented based on flight simulation software combined with on-screen eye-tracking instruments. This method was designed to obtain flight parameters and eye-tracking data during the execution of rectangular take-off and landing routes by training subjects. A flight performance evaluation model was established through the brillouin belt theory, focusing on the data on the percentage of time spent gazing at the area of interest, entropy of static gazing, and the average time of gazing visits were analysed to determine the cognitive flexibility and complexity, and cognitive load status of the pilots. The cognitive characteristics of pilots with different performances on the take-off and landing routes were then compared. The findings indicate that the cognitive characteristics of pilots with varying flight performance exhibits a high degree of similarity. However, pilots with superior flight performance demonstrate superior cognitive allocation control accuracy, state stability, and flexibility, as well as a lower cognitive load level and a reduced fluctuation of cognitive load in response to changes in task difficulty.