The hypersonic vehicle will be subjected to severe aerodynamic superimposed heating loads during high-speed flight, especially the control surface structure, which is structure dynamic characteristics under complex loads are the key factors affecting the safe and reliable flight of the hypersonic vehicle, and it is an effective research method to verify and evaluate through experiment. The C/SiC rudder surface structure was taken as the research object, and the structure dynamic characteristics test system under the transient thermal environment was designed and built. A typical service thermal load environment with high loading temperature and large temperature difference between the windward and leeward surfaces was built. The dynamic characteristics test of the rudder surface structure under this environment was carried out, and the change rules of the structure dynamic characteristics were obtained. The research results provide an important verification means for the research on the influence of typical service thermal environment on the dynamic characteristics of modern hypersonic vehicle control surface structure.