With the increasing scale of microgrids, the rapid and stable achievement of secondary control objectives is an urgent problem that needs to be addressed. Therefore, a distributed adaptive finite-time control was proposed to tackle the issue of convergence speed of existing distributed secondary controllers in microgrids. The proposed controller, in different scenarios, can obtain the convergence coefficient of the most suitable finite-time controller through a distributed approach, thus accelerating the speed of secondary control. Furthermore, to address the problem of disturbances that can hinder the distributed controller from achieving control objectives, a distributed finite-time controller based on sliding mode control was designed to eliminate the impact of disturbances. The stability and feasibility of the proposed strategy were analyzed using the Lyapunov function proof method. Finally, the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed control strategy were validated through the construction of simulation models in MATLAB/Simulink, considering four different scenarios.