In order to study the structure, diversity, potential ecological functions and differences of the rhizosphere microbial community of different floating bed plants in inland river basin, six root species of EFBs plants, including Cyperus involucratus, Iris pseudacorus, Thalia dealbata, Iris tectorum, Canna indica and Pontederia cordata, were collected during the vigorous growth period located in the Chishui River, a secondary tributary of the Tuojiang River. Through high-throughput sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA fragments and bioinformatics methods, the microbial community composition, biodiversity, and potential ecological functions were analyzed. The results show that Proteobacteria is absolutely dominant in the rhizosphere bacteria of six floating bed plants, with an abundance of 47.5% ~ 72.2%. On the condition that the environment of plant growth is relatively similar and the spatial distance is relatively close, the abundance of dominant populations at the genus level of different floating bed plants is still quite different. The microbial community diversity from large to small is I. tectorum, C. indica, I. pseudacorus, C. involucratus, T. dealbata and P. cordata. The rhizosphere bacteria composition of I. pseudacorus and I. tectorum is relatively similar. The abundance of nitrification/denitrification functional bacterial communities in the rhizosphere of C. involucratus is higher, while the abundance of degrading aromatic compounds functional bacterial communities in the rhizosphere of P. cordata is significantly higher than the other five plants. In plants with longer roots, taller height, and greater biomass, the abundance of Gemmobacter in the rhizosphere microbiome is significantly higher. There is a positive correlation between plant growth indicators and nitrogen transformation of some rhizosphere bacteria. The research results can provide reference for study on rhizosphere microbial community of floating bed plants and ecological floating bed construction.