In order to develop the test system of civil aviation pilots' neurobehavioral ability, a method for evaluating the neurobehavioral ability was proposed. Firstly, through the research of relevant literature and the evaluation tools of pilot selection, the evaluation index and evaluation method of civil aviation pilots' neurobehavioral ability were proposed. Secondly, Delphi was used to realize the system construction and the development and optimization of each test item, and forty student pilots were recruited and organized to carry out the test item discrimination test and thirty-eight student pilots to carry out the test-retest reliability test. Finally, three groups of difference tests were conducted according to eight hundred ninety-one student pilots' grades, learning levels and test states to explore the characteristics of neurobehavioral ability of student pilots in different grades, different learning levels and different test states. The results show that the evaluation indexes of civil aviation pilots' neurobehavioral ability are composed of six first-class indexes including perceptual ability, attention, memory, alertness, judgment and movement coordination and twelve second-class indexes. The tool has good discrimination, retest reliability, good consistency, reliability and effectiveness. There are significant differences in the scores of some test items among the civil aviation student pilots at different stages (P < 0.05), and there are differences in all test items among the student pilots at different states, except for the spatial location memory span item, the scores of the normal group are better than those of the sleepy group (P < 0.05). It is concluded that the evaluation system can effectively and reliably evaluate the neurobehavioral ability of civil aviation pilots, and it is simple, practical and has a broad application space.