In order to study the distribution of heat, temperature and stress fields and their mutual influence on the sliding process of the wheel-rail friction substrate, based on the G-W model, the wheel-rail friction substrate was simplified into a rough surface of micro-convex bodies with different shapes and an ideal plane, and combined with the finite element method. The results show these as follows. The interaction between the micro-convex bodies has an impact on the frictional heat generation, with the increase of the stack of spherical crown-shaped micro-convex bodies, the distribution area of the heat zone increases and the heat source decreases. The friction temperature rise decreases with the increase of the number of micro-bumps in the X-direction, and increases with the increase of the number of micro-bumps in the Z-direction, and the distribution of the heat zone is concentrated behind the sliding direction. The friction temperature rise on the rough surface of the spherical crown-shaped micro-convex body is generally higher than that of the rectangular-shaped micro-convex body. The effect of rough surface morphology on the heat source, heat zone distribution, temperature field and stress field distribution of wheel-rail friction is explored at the microscopic level to provide a theoretical basis for further research on wheel-rail interaction and ensure safe train operation.