Epoxy asphalt is a thermosetting material. Epoxy asphalt has excellent properties such as high strength, good high-temperature stability, and fatigue resistance. The application of epoxy asphalt mixture to construct pavement is considered a feasible way to achieve pavement durability. The epoxy asphalt mixture was employed as the paving material for the pavement surface layer, and the amount of epoxy component in epoxy asphalt was reduced. The mechanical parameters of the epoxy asphalt mixture were obtained through compressive rebound modulus tests and stress relaxation tests. Based on the mechanical parameters obtained in experiments, different pavement structure combinations were designed, and the epoxy asphalt pavement was subjected to structural mechanics analysis and composite optimization design using finite element simulation. The results indicate that the performance and strength of epoxy asphalt mixtures with asphalt content of 60% and 70% were significantly superior to SBS modified asphalt mixtures. Compared with other structure combinations, combination 3 (4 cm 60% EAC-13 +4 cm AC-13), combination 5 (4 cm 70% EAC-13 +4 cm 70% EAC-13), and combination 7 (4 cm AC-13 +4 cm 60% EAC-13) exhibited better mechanical performance and economic feasibility.