In the extraction of medium-thick ore bodies with steep inclines, the movement trend of the surrounding rock mass within the caving area, influenced by mining activities, significantly impacts the effectiveness of the induced caving method. The induced caving mining of an iron mine was taken as the engineering context, and the similar material experiment method was employed to simulate the impact of mining-induced disturbances on the ore body and the surrounding rock of the upper and lower plates at depths below 400 m, 600 m, 800 m, and 1 000 m. Research indicates that at mining depths ranging from 400 to 1 000 meters, the ore body and the surrounding rock of the mine's upper and lower walls exhibit a sequence of compaction, slippage, and subsequent compaction. Ore extraction significantly influences the disturbance of the roof rock. The horizontal displacement of the ore body is more pronounced than that of the surrounding rock near the upper and lower walls of the mine, with the upper wall's surrounding rock being more responsive to the disturbance caused by ore extraction than the lower wall's. As the mining depth increases, the horizontal and vertical displacements of the ore body and the surrounding rock of the upper and lower plates near the ore body shift from being directed towards the goal to deviating from it. Moreover, the total displacement and strain fluctuation range of the ore body are observed to expand.