In high-cold regions, the susceptibility of frozen soil to damage in the overlying rock layer resulting from mining, a phenomenon influenced by seasonal variations was investigated. Focusing on surface water-enriched areas in high-cold mining zones as the subject of research, a dynamic subsidence model was formulated leveraging Weibull time function and segmented function approach in tandem with interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) monitoring data. The applicability of this function model was analyzed. The results show that the curve representing the three temporal stages of subsidence in high-cold mining areas corresponds to Weibull time function model's curve. Further optimization and discussion of Weibull time function's two parameters were undertaken. It is determined that maintaining settlement motion parameter λ values at 2.5 and settlement time parameter η values at 0.068 during initial and acceleration stages, along with λ at 2.3 and η at 0.048 during the stable phase, achieves an error margin within the acceptable range, thus enabling accurate simulation and prediction of the dynamic subsidence process. The research results can provide a reference for disaster prevention, mitigation, and management initiatives in high-cold mining areas.