In order to explore the structural characteristics of Chinese aviation and high-speed rail integrated transportation network, cities was treated as nodes and established three weighted networks: a high-speed rail sub-network, an aviation sub-network, and a comprehensive air-rail transportation network by connecting cities with flight or high-speed rail services, with flight numbers and high-speed rail numbers as weights. Firstly, mean correlation, triangle betweenness centrality, and weighted harmonic centrality were used to analyze key nodes in different networks. Secondly, clustering coefficients and average shortest path lengths were used to analyze the small-world properties of the three networks. Thridly, the Newman algorithm was used to study the community structure of the three networks. Lastly, weighted network efficiency was used as an indicator to compare the robustness of the three networks. The results show that Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen ranked high in all three weighted centrality measures and were the most critical nodes in all three networks. All three networks had small-world properties, but only the high-speed rail sub-network had a modularity value greater than 0.3, indicating significant community structures, which were divided into ten communities. The comprehensive air-rail transportation network had a better weighted network efficiency, approximately 0.32, which was the highest among the three networks. It also had the strongest robustness and the smallest change in weighted efficiency when nodes failed. It is concluded that the comprehensive air-rail transportation network integrates the complementary advantages of the high-speed rail and aviation networks and has better structural characteristics than single transportation networks.