In order to accurately describe the failure rule of rice transplanter and improve the accuracy of reliability analysis, the failure data of a type of rice transplanter were analyzed, and the model of rice transplanter was built by using two-parameter hybrid Weibull distribution. With the minimum sum of the squares of residuals as the optimization objective, a parameter estimation optimization model was established, which was solved by the improved particle swarm optimization algorithm, and then the model was tested by the K-S test method to compare the degree of fitting between the single Weibull model, the mixed Weibull model and the failure data of rice transplanter. The results show that it is reasonable to use the two-parameter hybrid Weibull model to evaluate the reliability of rice transplanter. Based on this model, the average fault free working time of rice transplanter is 161.75 h, the median life is 147.14 h, and the characteristic life is 191.31 h. When the reliability is 0.6, the preventive maintenance cycle is 115.19 h. Finally, based on the hybrid Weibull distribution model, the relationship between residual life and reliability was calculated, which can quantitatively analyze the residual life of the transplanter under a certain service time, so as to carry out predictive maintenance.