To ensure the mental health and operational safety of on-orbit operators during deep space exploration missions, the underlying mechanisms of the effects of the space station noise and microgravity composite stress environment on operators' emotions are required to be clarified. A resting-state experiment simulating a composite environment of microgravity and noise was conducted. Subjective mood was evaluated using the profile of mood states. Valence-arousal and multiscale entropy indices were extracted from objective electroencephalogram (EEG) data. A partial least squares regression model was established to predict subjective emotional experiences from physiological features. The results indicate that subjective negative emotions are significantly intensified as sound pressure levels increase. Frontal EEG asymmetry is shifted toward the right hemisphere. The medium-to-long-scale complexity of frontal neural activity is significantly decreased. Furthermore, the negative effects of noise are exacerbated by simulated microgravity. Consequently, the noise tolerance threshold of the subjects is shifted earlier to the range of 55 dB to 65 dB. Psychophysiological responses are closely related under the short-term spaceflight noise environment. Changes in emotional valence are identified as a key indicator for predicting the level of individual mood disturbance. An important scientific basis is provided for optimizing acoustic environment design in space stations, developing emotion recognition systems, and realizing real-time monitoring of the psychological states of on-orbit personnel.
GAN Yu, HU Jia-wei, WANG Kang-yi, SIMA Yang-yu, LI Jiang-yong, YAO Xiang.
Effect of Spaceflight Noise on Operators’ Emotions Based on EEG[J].
Science Technology and Engineering, 2026, 26(29): 12834-12845 DOI:10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2600585
在诸多环境应激源中,噪声与微重力的影响尤为突出。微重力是空间站环境的核心物理特征,会对人体产生多方面不利影响,包括肌肉骨骼系统[4]、心血管系统[5]和中枢神经系统[6],尤其会对情绪与认知功能产生显著的负面影响[7]。既往的地面模拟研究,如头低位卧床(head-down bed rest, HDBR)和抛物线飞行等,已证实了其对心理健康的潜在危害。Liu等[8]的HDBR实验研究表明,微重力对被试者的正性情绪有显著的负面影响。Schneider等[9]的研究表明,微重力会导致被试者脑电β波功率降低,该变化被认为反映了个体对微重力状态的情绪应激反应。另一方面,空间站内由风机、泵、振动设备等产生的持续噪声,也是不可忽视的应激源。在轨操作人员在任务执行期间需长期暴露于此环境,可能诱发听力损伤、睡眠障碍、语音通信干扰、任务执行效率下降及警报信号辨识度降低等多重健康与作业风险[10]。尽管其他领域的证据显示,噪声会通过诱发压力、产生烦恼等途径影响心理健康[11]。管宏宇等[12]认为噪声声压级越高,人体烦躁感越强。Zhang等[13]的研究也指出交通噪声会导致雪崩临界指数升高,这表明大脑舒适度下降。但目前针对空间站特有噪声环境对在轨操作人员情绪影响的实证研究仍相对匮乏。更为关键的是,实际空间环境中的应激源往往协同存在,现有研究表明,复合环境对神经系统的损伤效应往往显著高于单一条件[14]。因此,亟须开展HDBR与噪声的复合应激地面模拟实验,以厘清在微重力与噪声的复合作用下,在轨操作人员的情绪变化机制。
HDBR被广泛用于模拟微重力对人生理、心理的影响,为在更短时间内诱导出相关生理心理反应,一些研究采用了-12°HDBR休息4 h来模拟微重力环境下发生的体液头向转移[15-16]。Jiang等[16]的研究表明,3 h的-12°HDBR足以显著降低任务绩效和积极情绪。Benvenuti等[17]的研究表明,仅需经过3 h的-6°HDBR,被试的大脑皮层情绪反应的能力便会受到抑制。根据国际空间站某次任务的噪声暴露监测报告[10],在轨操作人员实际工作与睡眠时段的等效噪声水平分别为71.6 dB和47.6 dB。为了覆盖从睡眠休息到高强度工作的完整声学环境,本文研究将噪声声压级设置为45、55、65和75 dB共4个水平。因此,采用-12°HDBR模拟微重力效应,开展了不同声压级噪声下的环境模拟静息实验,并采用主观评估与生理测量相结合的方法来全面、客观捕捉个体在这一极端环境下的心理生理响应。在主观层面,情绪的测量通常使用情绪量表(profile of mood states,POMS)直观反映情绪的波动[18];在客观层面,引入脑电图(electroencephalogram,EEG)技术深入解析皮层活动[19]。为了精准解析情绪变化的神经机制,本文研究不仅基于经典的效价-唤醒模型提取线性功率谱指标,更引入了精细复合多尺度熵(refined composite multiscale entropy,RCMSE)这一非线性动力学指标。大脑作为一个复杂的非线性动力系统,传统的线性分析可能不足以完全捕捉其在应激下的动态适应过程。RCMSE能够有效量化短时间序列的不同时间尺度下的神经复杂度变化[20]。此外,针对单一指标难以揭示心理-生理内在耦合机制的问题,进一步引入偏最小二乘回归(partial least squares regression,PLSR)分析。PLSR能够有效克服小样本与多重共线性挑战,有助于建立从客观神经生理特征到主观情绪体验的定量映射关系[13]。
为更好地比较不同声压级空间站噪声对心理生理反应的影响,将无噪声环境设为基线条件,并根据各指标的数据分布特征采用了差异化的处理策略。对于主观情绪评分及RCMSE,采用相对于基线的变化率用于后续统计分析,如式(6)所示;对于效价与唤醒度指标,鉴于已经对原始脑电数据进行了对数变换处理,直接相减即代表了对数标度下的相对变化量。因此,采用差值法的变化值用于后续统计分析,如式(7)所示。然后,采用线性混合模型(linear mixed model,LMM)分析重力状态和噪声级别及其交互作用对各心理生理指标的影响,事后比较采用Bonferroni校正。LMM能充分考虑数据的多层级结构,并通过限制性最大似然法纳入所有被试者的可用数据(包括缺失值),从而产生偏差较小的估计值,避免因剔除数据导致的样本量损失或检验力降低[35]。最后,采用Spearman检验分析和PLSR来探究客观生理数据与主观情绪之间的内在关联。考虑到本研究采用混合实验设计,所有变量先进行被试内中心化处理(每名被试各条件值减去该被试在4个条件下的均值)。考虑同一被试在多重实验条件下重复测量,交叉验证与重抽样均以被试为分组单位(分组K折交叉验证,5折),避免同一被试观测同时进入训练集与测试集。PLSR成分数通过按被试分组交叉验证在全数据上确定为单一全局成分数,并在固定的全局成分数下,计算基于被试分组交叉验证的均方根误差(root mean square error of cross validation,RMSECV)与预测Q2。各特征的预测贡献度通过变量投影重要性(variable importance in projection, VIP)指标进行评估,并采用被试级bootstrap(B=1 200,以被试为重采样单位)估计回归系数与VIP的95%置信区间及稳定性指标P(VIP>1)。LMM统计分析在SPSS27.0进行,Spearman检验分析和PLSR建模则基于Python3.13环境下的SciPy与scikit-learn库实现。显著性水平设定为P<0.05,箱线图中的箱体表示中间50%数据的分布,箱体中的水平线代表中位数,圆点代表平均值。箱体左侧的散点展示了所有参与者的原始数据点,箱体右侧的半小提琴曲线则显示了数据的概率密度分布形态。
如图5和表2所示,情绪紊乱总分相对变化率RΔTMD具有显著的主效应,F(3,84) =115.818,P<0.001,${\mathit{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{2}$=0.805,表明噪声显著诱发了负面情绪。重力条件的主效应也达到了显著水平,F(1,28)=24.283,P<0.001,${\mathit{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{2}$=0.464。噪声与重力的交互效应显著,F(3,84)= 4.559,P=0.005,${\mathit{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{2}$=0.140。简单效应分析表明,在正常重力条件下,55 dB条件较 45 dB 条件未出现统计学上的显著恶化 (P=0.053,Cohen's d=0.69),噪声达到 65 dB (P <0.001,Cohen's d=1.64) 和 75 dB (P <0.001,Cohen's d=2.56) 时,ΔTMD才较 45 dB 条件显著上升。而在 HDBR 条件下,噪声强度在55 dB时即已引起ΔTMD 的统计学显著升高 (P< 0.001,Cohen's d=1.18)。
3.2 效价-唤醒模型
图6展示了在复合应激下效价差值ΔValence的变化情况。如表3所示,噪声水平对ΔValence的变化具有显著的主效应,F(3,84)=30.648,P<0.001,${\mathit{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{2}$=0.523,表明噪声显著诱发了负面情绪。同时,重力条件的主效应显著,F(1,28)=5.176,P=0.031,${\mathit{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{2}$=0.156表明HDBR导致了更负面的情绪反应。噪声与重力的交互效应达到了显著水平,F(3,84)=3.604,P= 0.017,${\mathit{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{2}$=0.114在正常重力条件下,噪声强度达到 75 dB 时,ΔValence才较 45 dB 条件显著下降P<0.001,d=0.447;而在 HDBR 条件下,噪声强度在 65 dB (P<0.001,d=0.483)和75 dB (P<0.001,d=0.953)时,效价显著降低。
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