1 State Key Laboratory for Tunnel Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
2 Institute of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
3 Laboratory of Earth Electromagnetic Exploration, Jinan 250061, China
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文章历史+
Received
Published
Revised
2026-01-06
2026-09-08
2026-02-03
Online Date
2026-09-18
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摘要
冻土内部的冰水分布与电性参数密切相关,是探地雷达进行冻土探测的关键因素。然而传统探地雷达正演建模方法缺乏从热力学角度刻画冻土冻融分层演化与电磁响应之间关系的方法。基于此,构建了基于冻土水热耦合理论与有效介质理论的综合探地雷达正演模型框架,揭示了冻土在不同热力状态下的电性结构及其步进频率探地雷达响应特征。首先利用 COMSOL 建立温度场与水分场耦合模型,获得冻土活动层在不同冻融阶段的温度、饱和度、含冰率分布;随后基于有效介质理论计算冻土模型的等效介电常数与电导率;最后将电性参数导入 gprMax 软件,并采用步进频率连续波(stepped frequency continuous wave,SFCW)与Ricker子波进行正演模拟对比分析。结果表明,基于水热耦合理论的冻土建模能够重构冻土内部冻结与融化锋面的动态演化过程;对比分析显示,SFCW信号与Ricker子波在界面位置和走势上保持一致且未出现明显波形畸变,表明了SFCW能够有效识别冻土中由温度和水分剧烈变化引起的复杂介电分层结构。该研究为冻土区步进频率探地雷达冻土活动层探测提供了正演参考。
Abstract
The distribution of ice and water within frozen soil is closely correlated with electrical parameters and is a key factor for frozen soil detection by ground penetrating radar (GPR). However, the relationship between the evolution of freeze-thaw layering and electromagnetic response fails to be characterized by traditional GPR forward modeling methods from a thermodynamic perspective. To address this issue, a comprehensive GPR forward modeling framework based on frozen soil hydro-thermal coupling theory and effective medium theory was proposed. The electrical structure of frozen soil under different thermal states and its stepped frequency continuous wave (SFCW) GPR response characteristics were revealed. First, a coupled model of temperature and moisture fields was established using COMSOL to obtain the distribution of temperature, saturation, and ice content of the active layer of frozen soil at different freeze-thaw stages. Subsequently, the equivalent dielectric constant and electrical conductivity of the frozen soil model were calculated based on effective medium theory. Finally, the electrical parameters were imported into gprMax software, and forward modeling comparative analysis was conducted using SFCW signals and Ricker wavelets. It is indicated by the results that the dynamic evolution process of freezing and thawing fronts within frozen soil can be reconstructed by the proposed modeling method. It is demonstrated that SFCW signals and Ricker wavelets remain consistent in interface position and trend without obvious waveform distortion. It is confirmed that complex dielectric layered structures in frozen soil caused by drastic changes in temperature and moisture can be effectively identified by SFCW. A forward modeling reference is provided for the detection of active layers in permafrost regions using stepped frequency GPR.
ZHANG Shi-rong, SUN Huai-feng, GE Jun-kai, LIU Rui, DONG Ying-kai.
Response Characteristics of Stepped Frequency Ground Penetrating Radar in Hydro-thermal Coupled Frozen Soil Media[J].
Science Technology and Engineering, 2026, 26(25): 10717-10728 DOI:10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2600092
目前,探地雷达已被广泛应用于多年冻土上限深度识别、活动层厚度变化监测以及地下冰层结构探测等领域[10-12]。然而,脉冲探地雷达受限于中心频率带宽,往往难以在探测深度与分辨率之间取得平衡。相比之下,步进频率连续波(stepped frequency continuous wave,SFCW)探地雷达通过发射步进频率信号并在频率域接收反射回波,具有更高的信号带宽,因此具有广泛的发展前景[13]。尽管如此,受现场条件、天线布设、环境干扰及反演精度的限制,实测数据解释往往存在不确定性[14]。基于探地雷达的正演仿真研究,可以通过构建理想化或半真实模型,分析SFCW在被测介质中传播规律,从而为数据解释与反演提供参考,减少实测试验成本,提高探测效率[15-16]。
由图12(b)可见,在深度2~3 m 处存在一条清晰、连续的强反射同相轴,结合图12(c)中的层位追踪结果与现场钻孔勘探资料对比分析可知。该强反射同相轴对应于冻土的冻融界面。在路基两侧的天然场地,冻融界面埋深为 2~3 m,这与钻孔揭示的活动层的分层结构吻合良好。在车道正下方区域,同相轴出现明显的中断与不连续现象。这是由于路面吸热及车辆荷载产生的热扰动导致路基下伏多年冻土上限发生改变,局部融化深度增加,破坏了原有的层状结构。
实测探地雷达图像中冻融界面表现为清晰、连续的强反射并可追踪到同相轴,这一特征与3.3节正演结果相符。由图12(c)可见,在车道两侧,地面以下 2~3 m 范围内存在强反射,推断地面以下 2~3 m 为融区,融区下限在地下 3 m 处;在车道位置,由于车道温度荷载等因素,同相轴于此处中断。同时,通过图12(c)的探地雷达层位追踪结果与钻孔数据高度对比可见,探地雷达结果能较好地反映地下冻融界面位置。
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